Herkese Merhabalar,
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2 Eylül 2007 Pazar
1 Eylül 2007 Cumartesi
The next battle from The Economist
Abdullah Gul has been elected president. But the ruling AK party faces more conflict with the generals over a new constitution
“IT'S the final nail in the army's coffin.” That is how one pro-secular government official summed up the elevation of Abdullah Gul, a former Islamist, to the presidency on August 28th in the teeth of opposition from the country's generals. Others saw it as a moral victory for the pious masses over an overweening secular elite that has long concentrated power and wealth in its hands.
Either way, Mr Gul's journey from a working class family in the Anatolian heartland to the pinnacle of secular power will transform Turkish politics. The new era may promise greater liberties, but also more meddling from the army. As president, Mr Gul, until this month Turkey's respected foreign minister, will have the power to veto legislation and a say in the appointment of senior officials. Most discomfiting of all for the generals, Mr Gul is now their commander-in-chief.
The top brass refused to salute him during his first official engagement, and stayed away from his oath-taking ceremony this week. So too did Mr Gul's wife, whose Islamic-style headscarf came to embody the political crisis of the past four months, since Mr Gul first announced his candidacy. The head covering is banned in all government buildings and schools and, until this week, in the presidential compound where Ataturk, founder of the republic, once lived.
In his inaugural address, Mr Gul sought to ease the fears of his critics, insisting that he would abide by the secular principles of Ataturk's republic. He also showered praise on the generals and pledged to keep up Turkey's attempt to join the EU.
Yet the 56-year-old former economist hinted at a looser interpretation of Turkey's unique brand of secularism. Until now this has been defined by Ataturk's renunciation of Islamic symbols and rigid state control over all aspects of religious life. Secularism, said Mr Gul, was a precondition for “social peace” but also offered a model “for different lifestyles”. Some seized on his words as proof that he will support loosening restrictions on the headscarf and religious education.
Much will depend on his former boss, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, whose Justice and Development (AK) Party was swept back into office in July's elections. These were called after a prolonged trial of strength that began when the army, backed by the pro-secular judiciary, tried to stop Mr Gul's attempt to become president. The generals, who have toppled four governments since 1960, threatened to intervene again but have so far stayed their hand.
As Mr Gul approved a new pro-EU cabinet this week, another clash loomed over a “civilian” constitution that Mr Erdogan proposes to adopt next year to replace the current text, written by the generals after their last coup in 1980. Draft clauses leaked to the media are nothing short of revolutionary: senior officers will no longer be immune from prosecution in civilian courts, military appeals courts will be scrapped, Kurdish will be taught as a second language in government schools and the definition of Turkishness will be expanded to embrace citizens from different backgrounds and creeds.
The army is unnerved. Pundits reckon Yasar Buyukanit, the chief of general staff, was alluding to the new constitution when he spoke of “centres of evil” bent on eroding secularism in a statement this week. Some expect that the generals may now to try to drive a wedge between the president and Mr Erdogan. There has long been an undercurrent of rivalry in their political alliance. Moreover, the new constitution also calls for a significant trimming of presidential powers. Might Mr Gul be tempted to block it? This may be wishful thinking by the humbled generals.
“IT'S the final nail in the army's coffin.” That is how one pro-secular government official summed up the elevation of Abdullah Gul, a former Islamist, to the presidency on August 28th in the teeth of opposition from the country's generals. Others saw it as a moral victory for the pious masses over an overweening secular elite that has long concentrated power and wealth in its hands.
Either way, Mr Gul's journey from a working class family in the Anatolian heartland to the pinnacle of secular power will transform Turkish politics. The new era may promise greater liberties, but also more meddling from the army. As president, Mr Gul, until this month Turkey's respected foreign minister, will have the power to veto legislation and a say in the appointment of senior officials. Most discomfiting of all for the generals, Mr Gul is now their commander-in-chief.
The top brass refused to salute him during his first official engagement, and stayed away from his oath-taking ceremony this week. So too did Mr Gul's wife, whose Islamic-style headscarf came to embody the political crisis of the past four months, since Mr Gul first announced his candidacy. The head covering is banned in all government buildings and schools and, until this week, in the presidential compound where Ataturk, founder of the republic, once lived.
In his inaugural address, Mr Gul sought to ease the fears of his critics, insisting that he would abide by the secular principles of Ataturk's republic. He also showered praise on the generals and pledged to keep up Turkey's attempt to join the EU.
Yet the 56-year-old former economist hinted at a looser interpretation of Turkey's unique brand of secularism. Until now this has been defined by Ataturk's renunciation of Islamic symbols and rigid state control over all aspects of religious life. Secularism, said Mr Gul, was a precondition for “social peace” but also offered a model “for different lifestyles”. Some seized on his words as proof that he will support loosening restrictions on the headscarf and religious education.
Much will depend on his former boss, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, whose Justice and Development (AK) Party was swept back into office in July's elections. These were called after a prolonged trial of strength that began when the army, backed by the pro-secular judiciary, tried to stop Mr Gul's attempt to become president. The generals, who have toppled four governments since 1960, threatened to intervene again but have so far stayed their hand.
As Mr Gul approved a new pro-EU cabinet this week, another clash loomed over a “civilian” constitution that Mr Erdogan proposes to adopt next year to replace the current text, written by the generals after their last coup in 1980. Draft clauses leaked to the media are nothing short of revolutionary: senior officers will no longer be immune from prosecution in civilian courts, military appeals courts will be scrapped, Kurdish will be taught as a second language in government schools and the definition of Turkishness will be expanded to embrace citizens from different backgrounds and creeds.
The army is unnerved. Pundits reckon Yasar Buyukanit, the chief of general staff, was alluding to the new constitution when he spoke of “centres of evil” bent on eroding secularism in a statement this week. Some expect that the generals may now to try to drive a wedge between the president and Mr Erdogan. There has long been an undercurrent of rivalry in their political alliance. Moreover, the new constitution also calls for a significant trimming of presidential powers. Might Mr Gul be tempted to block it? This may be wishful thinking by the humbled generals.
28 Ağustos 2007 Salı
Gul Wins Vote for Turkish Presidency
ANKARA, Turkey (AP) -- A devout Muslim with a background in political Islam won the Turkish presidency on Tuesday, in a major triumph for the Islamic-rooted government after months of confrontation with the secular establishment.
Foreign Minister Abdullah Gul received a majority of 339 votes in a parliamentary ballot, Parliament Speaker Koksal Toptan said. Ruling party legislators broke into applause.
''Abdullah Gul was elected Turkey's 11th president, with 339 votes,'' Toptan said. ''I congratulate him.''
The vote took place a day after the military, which has ousted four governments since 1960, issued a stern warning about the threat to secularism. Gul's initial bid for president was blocked over fears that he planned to dilute secular traditions.
''Our nation has been watching the behavior of those separatists who can't embrace Turkey's unitary nature, and centers of evil that systematically try to corrode the secular nature of the Turkish Republic,'' Gen. Yasar Buyukanit, chief of the military, said in a note on the military's Web site Monday.
Gul, 56, has promised to uphold secularism. But Turkey's president has the power to veto legislation, and Gul has failed to allay secularist fears that he would sign into law any legislation passed by the government of Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan -- a close ally -- without concern for the separation of religion and politics.
Also, his wife wears an Islamic-style head scarf -- which is banned in government offices and schools. Islamic attire has been restricted in Turkey since the country's first president, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, ushered in secularism and Western-style reforms in the 1930s.
Gul failed to win the presidency in two rounds of voting last week because the ruling Justice and Development party lacked the two-thirds majority in Parliament needed for him to secure the post. But the party -- which holds 341 of the 550 seats -- had a far easier hurdle on Tuesday, when only a simple majority was required.
Gul was scheduled to be sworn in as president in Parliament later Tuesday. He was to take over the presidency from outgoing President Ahmet Necdet Sezer soon after, in a low-key ceremony closed to the media.
Erdogan said he planned to submit his new Cabinet to Gul for his approval on Wednesday. Erdogan had presented his list earlier this month to Sezer, who said the new president should approve it.
In Gul's hometown of Kayseri, in Turkey's conservative heartland, hundreds gathered at a main square to celebrate his victory, private NTV television reported.
Secularist Turks staged mass rallies and the military threatened to intervene when Erdogan nominated Gul for president in the spring.
Gul insisted that he be re-nominated for president earlier this month, arguing that his party's victory in the elections gave him a strong mandate to run. He rejected calls from secularist parties to step aside in favor of a non-Islamist, compromise candidate.
''A person who has defied the (secular) republic, who has said he finds it to be wrong, is about to move to the top of the state. This is a contradiction,'' said Deniz Baykal, leader of the secular opposition. His party boycotted the vote on Tuesday and has said it would not take part in some state occasions, including presidential ceremonies.
As foreign minister, Gul -- who speaks English and Arabic -- has cultivated an image as a moderate politician.
In a recent meeting with foreign journalists, Gul said he would make use of his experiences as foreign minister to boost Turkey's EU bid and make the Turkish presidency more active on the international scene.
''Turkey will be more active; Turkey will be contributing more to world issues,'' he said.
More Articles in International »
Foreign Minister Abdullah Gul received a majority of 339 votes in a parliamentary ballot, Parliament Speaker Koksal Toptan said. Ruling party legislators broke into applause.
''Abdullah Gul was elected Turkey's 11th president, with 339 votes,'' Toptan said. ''I congratulate him.''
The vote took place a day after the military, which has ousted four governments since 1960, issued a stern warning about the threat to secularism. Gul's initial bid for president was blocked over fears that he planned to dilute secular traditions.
''Our nation has been watching the behavior of those separatists who can't embrace Turkey's unitary nature, and centers of evil that systematically try to corrode the secular nature of the Turkish Republic,'' Gen. Yasar Buyukanit, chief of the military, said in a note on the military's Web site Monday.
Gul, 56, has promised to uphold secularism. But Turkey's president has the power to veto legislation, and Gul has failed to allay secularist fears that he would sign into law any legislation passed by the government of Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan -- a close ally -- without concern for the separation of religion and politics.
Also, his wife wears an Islamic-style head scarf -- which is banned in government offices and schools. Islamic attire has been restricted in Turkey since the country's first president, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, ushered in secularism and Western-style reforms in the 1930s.
Gul failed to win the presidency in two rounds of voting last week because the ruling Justice and Development party lacked the two-thirds majority in Parliament needed for him to secure the post. But the party -- which holds 341 of the 550 seats -- had a far easier hurdle on Tuesday, when only a simple majority was required.
Gul was scheduled to be sworn in as president in Parliament later Tuesday. He was to take over the presidency from outgoing President Ahmet Necdet Sezer soon after, in a low-key ceremony closed to the media.
Erdogan said he planned to submit his new Cabinet to Gul for his approval on Wednesday. Erdogan had presented his list earlier this month to Sezer, who said the new president should approve it.
In Gul's hometown of Kayseri, in Turkey's conservative heartland, hundreds gathered at a main square to celebrate his victory, private NTV television reported.
Secularist Turks staged mass rallies and the military threatened to intervene when Erdogan nominated Gul for president in the spring.
Gul insisted that he be re-nominated for president earlier this month, arguing that his party's victory in the elections gave him a strong mandate to run. He rejected calls from secularist parties to step aside in favor of a non-Islamist, compromise candidate.
''A person who has defied the (secular) republic, who has said he finds it to be wrong, is about to move to the top of the state. This is a contradiction,'' said Deniz Baykal, leader of the secular opposition. His party boycotted the vote on Tuesday and has said it would not take part in some state occasions, including presidential ceremonies.
As foreign minister, Gul -- who speaks English and Arabic -- has cultivated an image as a moderate politician.
In a recent meeting with foreign journalists, Gul said he would make use of his experiences as foreign minister to boost Turkey's EU bid and make the Turkish presidency more active on the international scene.
''Turkey will be more active; Turkey will be contributing more to world issues,'' he said.
More Articles in International »
26 Ağustos 2007 Pazar
Berat Kandili
Müslümanların kutsal gecelerinden olan Berat Kandilinizi kutluyorum.
Hazreti Muhammed hadislerinde Berat Kandili’nde Allah’ın kendisinden bağışlama dileyenleri affedeceğini, içtenlikle yapılan duaları kabul edeceğini bildirmişti.
Congratulate the oil lamp which the Muslim becomes Berat from your sacred nights. The holy at Muhammed hadith Berat you do not donate oil lamp which wishes she to will forgive and their prayer which is do sincerely make have know you.
Ferrari's Massa Wins Turkish Grand Prix
ISTANBUL, Turkey (AP) -- Felipe Massa will always remember Turkey. ''This is becoming a special place for me,'' the Ferrari driver said after winning his second consecutive Turkish Grand Prix on the Istanbul Park circuit Sunday.
The Brazilian won his first Grand Prix victory here in 2006 after gaining the pole position, and did exactly the same this year.
''I love the track. This is where my career made a switch and I started winning races,'' Massa said.
Massa beat teammate Kimi Raikkonen by just over two seconds as the Ferrari pair dueled from the opening turn.
Two-time defending Formula One champion Fernando Alonso of McLaren was third and kept alive his chances in the driver's standings after teammate Lewis Hamilton punctured a front tire on the 43rd lap.
Hamilton had been in third place but dropped to fifth.
Hamilton said the tire cost him a place on the podium.
''I was pushing obviously,'' Hamilton said. ''Without a doubt we would have finished third. I still had six laps more fuel than the Ferraris. I was hoping in those six laps I could get Kimi. Then the tire went.''
Hamilton finished the first nine races in the top three. But the Briton has had problems in the last three races, including a crash in qualifying in Germany to come in ninth, a qualifying incident in Hungary -- before going on to win the race -- and now the tire failure.
Alonso was penalized five spots on the starting grid for the Hungarian GP after delaying Hamilton in the pits in the final minutes of qualifying, although Hamilton refused to let Alonso pass him earlier, contrary to McLaren team orders. Alonso finished fourth in the race.
Alonso, who was as far back as sixth in the early stages Sunday, benefited from the blowout.
''If someone told me on lap two you would be on the podium ... I would be very happy,'' Alonso said. ''At the end, the final result is the best thing of the weekend.''
After the 58-lap race, Massa was 2.2 seconds ahead of Raikkonen, with Alonso 26 seconds back. Hamilton was 45 seconds behind Massa. Nick Heidfeld was fourth.
With five races left, Alonso trails Hamilton 84-79 in the overall standings. Massa is third with 69 points and Raikkonen is next with 68.
The Ferraris and McLarens continue to divide the races. In the 12 races so far, Alonso, Hamilton Massa and Raikkonen have won three each.
Massa made a reversal after his last race. He finished 13th in the Hungarian GP on Aug. 5 after a disappointing qualifying run left him at the back of the starting grid.
''Three Grands Prix here, two wins. Can't be better,'' Massa said. ''Starting from pole, good car, difficult race. I managed to keep my concentration.''
At the start Sunday, the two Ferrari drivers went to the top positions with Hamilton third. Alonso was beaten to the first turn by the two BMW-Sauber drivers and was sixth after the first lap. After five laps, he was more than seven seconds from first and, more important, almost five behind Hamilton.
''For sure, the start didn't go as we planned,'' Alonso said. ''To be overtaken by two cars and find yourself in sixth was not great.''
At 10 laps Sunday it was still the two Ferraris ahead of Hamilton, with Alonso about 10 seconds back. Alonso was able to move into fourth past Heidfeld and Robert Kubica at the first pit stop, but he was still losing time.
By 25 laps, Massa was back in front of Raikkonen and Hamilton with Alonso fourth, about 18 seconds behind.
Raikkonen closed to within a second.
''I made a small, small mistake and Kimi closed the gap,'' Massa said. ''Just a small mistake made my life difficult.''
Raikkonen said the result was predictable after Saturday when Massa was first, two places ahead of the Finnish driver.
''In Formula One these days the race is pretty much decided after qualifying,'' Raikkonen said.
Things changed on the 43rd lap when Hamilton was flapping rubber from his shredded front tire while in third place. Hamilton managed to make it to the pits to change the tire, but Alonso moved into third ahead of Heidfeld.
''I saw some bits fly off the tire,'' Hamilton said. ''It was lucky I didn't put the car in the gravel and managed to control it back to the pits as this meant that in the end I only lost two places.''
Renault's Heikki Kovalainen was sixth, followed by Nico Rosberg of Williams and Kubica.
The next race is the Italian Grand Prix on Sept. 9, followed by the Belgian Grand Prix a week later.
The Brazilian won his first Grand Prix victory here in 2006 after gaining the pole position, and did exactly the same this year.
''I love the track. This is where my career made a switch and I started winning races,'' Massa said.
Massa beat teammate Kimi Raikkonen by just over two seconds as the Ferrari pair dueled from the opening turn.
Two-time defending Formula One champion Fernando Alonso of McLaren was third and kept alive his chances in the driver's standings after teammate Lewis Hamilton punctured a front tire on the 43rd lap.
Hamilton had been in third place but dropped to fifth.
Hamilton said the tire cost him a place on the podium.
''I was pushing obviously,'' Hamilton said. ''Without a doubt we would have finished third. I still had six laps more fuel than the Ferraris. I was hoping in those six laps I could get Kimi. Then the tire went.''
Hamilton finished the first nine races in the top three. But the Briton has had problems in the last three races, including a crash in qualifying in Germany to come in ninth, a qualifying incident in Hungary -- before going on to win the race -- and now the tire failure.
Alonso was penalized five spots on the starting grid for the Hungarian GP after delaying Hamilton in the pits in the final minutes of qualifying, although Hamilton refused to let Alonso pass him earlier, contrary to McLaren team orders. Alonso finished fourth in the race.
Alonso, who was as far back as sixth in the early stages Sunday, benefited from the blowout.
''If someone told me on lap two you would be on the podium ... I would be very happy,'' Alonso said. ''At the end, the final result is the best thing of the weekend.''
After the 58-lap race, Massa was 2.2 seconds ahead of Raikkonen, with Alonso 26 seconds back. Hamilton was 45 seconds behind Massa. Nick Heidfeld was fourth.
With five races left, Alonso trails Hamilton 84-79 in the overall standings. Massa is third with 69 points and Raikkonen is next with 68.
The Ferraris and McLarens continue to divide the races. In the 12 races so far, Alonso, Hamilton Massa and Raikkonen have won three each.
Massa made a reversal after his last race. He finished 13th in the Hungarian GP on Aug. 5 after a disappointing qualifying run left him at the back of the starting grid.
''Three Grands Prix here, two wins. Can't be better,'' Massa said. ''Starting from pole, good car, difficult race. I managed to keep my concentration.''
At the start Sunday, the two Ferrari drivers went to the top positions with Hamilton third. Alonso was beaten to the first turn by the two BMW-Sauber drivers and was sixth after the first lap. After five laps, he was more than seven seconds from first and, more important, almost five behind Hamilton.
''For sure, the start didn't go as we planned,'' Alonso said. ''To be overtaken by two cars and find yourself in sixth was not great.''
At 10 laps Sunday it was still the two Ferraris ahead of Hamilton, with Alonso about 10 seconds back. Alonso was able to move into fourth past Heidfeld and Robert Kubica at the first pit stop, but he was still losing time.
By 25 laps, Massa was back in front of Raikkonen and Hamilton with Alonso fourth, about 18 seconds behind.
Raikkonen closed to within a second.
''I made a small, small mistake and Kimi closed the gap,'' Massa said. ''Just a small mistake made my life difficult.''
Raikkonen said the result was predictable after Saturday when Massa was first, two places ahead of the Finnish driver.
''In Formula One these days the race is pretty much decided after qualifying,'' Raikkonen said.
Things changed on the 43rd lap when Hamilton was flapping rubber from his shredded front tire while in third place. Hamilton managed to make it to the pits to change the tire, but Alonso moved into third ahead of Heidfeld.
''I saw some bits fly off the tire,'' Hamilton said. ''It was lucky I didn't put the car in the gravel and managed to control it back to the pits as this meant that in the end I only lost two places.''
Renault's Heikki Kovalainen was sixth, followed by Nico Rosberg of Williams and Kubica.
The next race is the Italian Grand Prix on Sept. 9, followed by the Belgian Grand Prix a week later.
21 Ağustos 2007 Salı
Ready to take office by economist
Turkey's Abdullah Gul will soon become president. Then what?
ABDULLAH GUL, Turkey's foreign minister, took another step towards the presidency on Monday August 20th as parliamentarians held a first round of voting for the post. Mr Gul, a pious Muslim whose earlier bid for the job sparked political turmoil, won 341 votes in the 550-member chamber. He fell short of the two-thirds of ballots needed to win the presidency outright in the first round, though he is all but assured of eventual victory. His closest rival, Sabahattin Cakmakoglu, a former defence minister fielded by the Nationalist Action Party (MHP), got just 70 votes.
Mr Gul is expected to become president after a third round of voting on August 28th, when a simple majority will suffice. He is backed by his ruling Justice and Development (AK) Party, which won 341 seats in snap parliamentary polls last month. The main opposition Republican People's Party (CHP) boycotted Monday's session and claimed that Mr Gul's earlier involvement in Islamist politics posed a threat to the secular system laid down by the founder of modern Turkey, Kemal Ataturk.
The job of president is partly ceremonial, but the incumbent has influence over politics through his right to block legislation. He may also name judges and veto appointments to the government and is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. Mr Gul’s first go at the presidency in April was greeted with mass anti-government rallies called by secularists, including many women who voiced concern that their liberal lifestyles might be threatened. Tensions escalated when the army, which has toppled four governments since 1960, threatened to intervene. His effort came to an end when the constitutional court upheld a claim by the CHP that the parliament lacked a quorum in a first round of balloting. The Turkish prime minister, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, then called an early general election.
In the event, the AK Party romped back for a second term with nearly 47% of the vote. Four years of robust economic growth, political calm and democratic reforms have kept the public happy. Voters may also have been offering a mandate for Mr Gul’s attempt on the presidency. Fearful of a fresh dust-up with the army, Mr Erdogan at first balked at his colleague's continued presidential ambitions. But Mr Gul persisted and won the backing of the AK's conservative rump led by Bulent Arinc, a former speaker of parliament, forcing Mr Erdogan’s hand. As important, the MHP announced after the elections that its parliamentarians would take part in the vote for president, ensuring there would be a quorum.
Mr Gul says that, as president, he will reach out to all Turks and that he will remain loyal to the secular tenets of the constitution. His four years as foreign minister leave little room for doubt. He was the driving force behind the many reforms that persuaded European Union leaders to open long delayed membership talks with Turkey in 2005. And it was Mr Gul who engineered the defection of fellow moderates from the overtly Islamist Welfare Party which was bullied out of office by the generals in 1997.
His sole handicap appears to be his wife, Hayrunnisa. She wears the Islamic style headscarf that is banned in all government buildings and schools. In a sop to the secularists she is expected to tie it in a more fashionable style. Over time they should grow accustomed to her headgear just as they eventually accepted Mr Erdogan's wife, Emine, who became the first ever prime ministerial spouse to cover her head.
As for relations with the army, there remains scope for more tensions with the ruling politicians. Mr Erdogan is promising to write a new “civilian” constitution to replace the one that was imposed by the generals after their last direct coup in 1980. But Mr Gul is, for now, playing down the prospects of confrontation. It is rumoured that he has already met the chief of general staff, Yasar Buyukanit, in recent days to offer personal assurances that he will not stray from Ataturk’s path, although Mr Buyukanit denies any meeting has taken place. It would seem to be in nobody’s interest to spark fresh political upheaval once again.
.
ABDULLAH GUL, Turkey's foreign minister, took another step towards the presidency on Monday August 20th as parliamentarians held a first round of voting for the post. Mr Gul, a pious Muslim whose earlier bid for the job sparked political turmoil, won 341 votes in the 550-member chamber. He fell short of the two-thirds of ballots needed to win the presidency outright in the first round, though he is all but assured of eventual victory. His closest rival, Sabahattin Cakmakoglu, a former defence minister fielded by the Nationalist Action Party (MHP), got just 70 votes.
Mr Gul is expected to become president after a third round of voting on August 28th, when a simple majority will suffice. He is backed by his ruling Justice and Development (AK) Party, which won 341 seats in snap parliamentary polls last month. The main opposition Republican People's Party (CHP) boycotted Monday's session and claimed that Mr Gul's earlier involvement in Islamist politics posed a threat to the secular system laid down by the founder of modern Turkey, Kemal Ataturk.
The job of president is partly ceremonial, but the incumbent has influence over politics through his right to block legislation. He may also name judges and veto appointments to the government and is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. Mr Gul’s first go at the presidency in April was greeted with mass anti-government rallies called by secularists, including many women who voiced concern that their liberal lifestyles might be threatened. Tensions escalated when the army, which has toppled four governments since 1960, threatened to intervene. His effort came to an end when the constitutional court upheld a claim by the CHP that the parliament lacked a quorum in a first round of balloting. The Turkish prime minister, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, then called an early general election.
In the event, the AK Party romped back for a second term with nearly 47% of the vote. Four years of robust economic growth, political calm and democratic reforms have kept the public happy. Voters may also have been offering a mandate for Mr Gul’s attempt on the presidency. Fearful of a fresh dust-up with the army, Mr Erdogan at first balked at his colleague's continued presidential ambitions. But Mr Gul persisted and won the backing of the AK's conservative rump led by Bulent Arinc, a former speaker of parliament, forcing Mr Erdogan’s hand. As important, the MHP announced after the elections that its parliamentarians would take part in the vote for president, ensuring there would be a quorum.
Mr Gul says that, as president, he will reach out to all Turks and that he will remain loyal to the secular tenets of the constitution. His four years as foreign minister leave little room for doubt. He was the driving force behind the many reforms that persuaded European Union leaders to open long delayed membership talks with Turkey in 2005. And it was Mr Gul who engineered the defection of fellow moderates from the overtly Islamist Welfare Party which was bullied out of office by the generals in 1997.
His sole handicap appears to be his wife, Hayrunnisa. She wears the Islamic style headscarf that is banned in all government buildings and schools. In a sop to the secularists she is expected to tie it in a more fashionable style. Over time they should grow accustomed to her headgear just as they eventually accepted Mr Erdogan's wife, Emine, who became the first ever prime ministerial spouse to cover her head.
As for relations with the army, there remains scope for more tensions with the ruling politicians. Mr Erdogan is promising to write a new “civilian” constitution to replace the one that was imposed by the generals after their last direct coup in 1980. But Mr Gul is, for now, playing down the prospects of confrontation. It is rumoured that he has already met the chief of general staff, Yasar Buyukanit, in recent days to offer personal assurances that he will not stray from Ataturk’s path, although Mr Buyukanit denies any meeting has taken place. It would seem to be in nobody’s interest to spark fresh political upheaval once again.
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20 Ağustos 2007 Pazartesi
New Turk Parliament Votes on Gul Presidency, Again
ANKARA (Reuters) - Four months after Turkey's military and secular elite blocked Foreign Minister Abdullah Gul's presidential bid, a newly elected parliament will make a fresh attempt on Monday to get the former Islamist elected.
The religious-minded AK Party has been strengthened by a convincing win in July's general election, called early to defuse a crisis over the presidency, and Gul is widely expected to be elected this time around despite some fierce opposition.
Monday's vote is the first of up to four rounds and Gul is likely to be elected in the third session on August 28 when he needs only a simple majority -- which the AK Party has.
Before that he needs two thirds of the votes to win, unlikely as the ultra-nationalist opposition MHP has fielded its own candidate, Sabahattin Cakmakoglu, and the pro-Kurdish DTP has signaled it will not vote for Gul. Leftist DSP is also fielding its own candidate, Tayfun Icli, state media reported.
The MHP has however made Gul's election more likely, just by agreeing to take part. Blocking the first vote in April was a court ruling that two thirds of parliament had to be present -- impossible amid an opposition boycott.
Meanwhile the secularist army, which undermined the April vote with a sternly worded anti-government statement, has signalled it has said all it plans to say.
The army ousted as recently as 1997 a government in which Gul served because of its perceived Islamism.
Gul says he backs secularism but opposition from the secularist elite remains fierce, in part because his wife wears the Muslim headscarf, as some fear he wants to break down the division between state and religion.
The opposition CHP has said it will boycott Gul's presidential receptions and will again be absent for the vote.
A Gul presidency will make the next government's job easier as it will no longer have to get laws and appointments past President Ahmet Necdet Sezer, who has frequently vetoed their legislation, such as a wide-ranging welfare reform.
One of the new president's first tasks will be to approve Prime Minister Tayyip Erdogan's new cabinet as incumbent Sezer, an arch-secularist, declined to review the list last week.
VOWS IMPARTIALITY
Gul, the mild-mannered English-speaking architect of Turkey's EU bid, spent last week seeking support from civil society groups. He won cautious backing from leading industrialist group TUSIAD, which had previously called for compromise over the presidency.
Gul, who has lived in Saudi Arabia and Britain and has good relations with foreign leaders, has said he will be an impartial president and try to represent all Turks.
He will quit the AK Party, where he has been number two, but commentators say he will need to prove his independence.
"To prove himself independent from the AK Party he may veto some of their measures ... To make sure that he looks independent of the government," said Ayse Ayata, political science professor at Ankara's Middle East Technical University, adding however that he may not do so over important measures.
Gul has said he will continue to support Turkey's EU bid -- which has been struggling since last year -- and Ayata said using his own initiative in foreign affairs could be another way to show distance from his former party colleagues.
The religious-minded AK Party has been strengthened by a convincing win in July's general election, called early to defuse a crisis over the presidency, and Gul is widely expected to be elected this time around despite some fierce opposition.
Monday's vote is the first of up to four rounds and Gul is likely to be elected in the third session on August 28 when he needs only a simple majority -- which the AK Party has.
Before that he needs two thirds of the votes to win, unlikely as the ultra-nationalist opposition MHP has fielded its own candidate, Sabahattin Cakmakoglu, and the pro-Kurdish DTP has signaled it will not vote for Gul. Leftist DSP is also fielding its own candidate, Tayfun Icli, state media reported.
The MHP has however made Gul's election more likely, just by agreeing to take part. Blocking the first vote in April was a court ruling that two thirds of parliament had to be present -- impossible amid an opposition boycott.
Meanwhile the secularist army, which undermined the April vote with a sternly worded anti-government statement, has signalled it has said all it plans to say.
The army ousted as recently as 1997 a government in which Gul served because of its perceived Islamism.
Gul says he backs secularism but opposition from the secularist elite remains fierce, in part because his wife wears the Muslim headscarf, as some fear he wants to break down the division between state and religion.
The opposition CHP has said it will boycott Gul's presidential receptions and will again be absent for the vote.
A Gul presidency will make the next government's job easier as it will no longer have to get laws and appointments past President Ahmet Necdet Sezer, who has frequently vetoed their legislation, such as a wide-ranging welfare reform.
One of the new president's first tasks will be to approve Prime Minister Tayyip Erdogan's new cabinet as incumbent Sezer, an arch-secularist, declined to review the list last week.
VOWS IMPARTIALITY
Gul, the mild-mannered English-speaking architect of Turkey's EU bid, spent last week seeking support from civil society groups. He won cautious backing from leading industrialist group TUSIAD, which had previously called for compromise over the presidency.
Gul, who has lived in Saudi Arabia and Britain and has good relations with foreign leaders, has said he will be an impartial president and try to represent all Turks.
He will quit the AK Party, where he has been number two, but commentators say he will need to prove his independence.
"To prove himself independent from the AK Party he may veto some of their measures ... To make sure that he looks independent of the government," said Ayse Ayata, political science professor at Ankara's Middle East Technical University, adding however that he may not do so over important measures.
Gul has said he will continue to support Turkey's EU bid -- which has been struggling since last year -- and Ayata said using his own initiative in foreign affairs could be another way to show distance from his former party colleagues.
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